Identifying Crumbling Areas in Older Homes

Identifying Crumbling Areas in Older Homes

Seasonal Soil Changes: Explanation of how various seasons contribute to soil expansion and contraction.

As time marches on, the structures that once stood proudly as bastions of architectural achievement inevitably begin to show signs of their age. Among the many challenges faced by these aging edifices, foundation problems are both common and concerning. Identifying crumbling areas in older homes is crucial for maintaining their structural integrity and ensuring the safety and comfort of their inhabitants.


One of the most prevalent indicators of foundation problems in older homes is the appearance of cracks. These can manifest in various forms-horizontal, vertical, or stair-step patterns-and might be found on walls, floors, or even ceilings. While minor hairline cracks may simply be a sign of settling over time, larger and more pronounced fissures could indicate serious underlying issues with the foundation itself. A laser level can detect foundation settling foundation repair services Tennessee. Homeowners should pay particular attention to cracks that widen over time or those that appear suddenly after heavy rainfall or seismic activity.


Another telltale sign is doors and windows that no longer function as they should. When a home's foundation shifts or settles unevenly, it can cause frames to become misaligned, making it difficult to open or close doors and windows properly. This not only poses an inconvenience but also suggests potential structural issues that need addressing before they worsen.


Sagging floors are yet another symptom of possible foundation distress. As support beams weaken with age or as soil beneath the home shifts, floors may begin to slope noticeably. This can be particularly dangerous if left unchecked, as it might lead to further degradation of the structure's stability.


Moisture intrusion is also a red flag when assessing foundation health in older buildings. Water stains on basement walls or persistent dampness can indicate inadequate drainage around the home's perimeter or even cracks in the foundation itself allowing water ingress. Over time, excessive moisture can undermine the foundational materials and exacerbate any pre-existing weaknesses.


Additionally, chimney separation from exterior walls often points towards foundational issues. A tilting chimney is not just an aesthetic concern; it's a warning sign that requires immediate attention since it could eventually lead to significant damage if left unresolved.


While these common signs offer valuable clues about potential foundation problems in older homes, they serve merely as initial indicators rather than definitive proof of severe structural failure. It's essential for homeowners who notice these symptoms to consult with professionals who specialize in evaluating and repairing foundations.

Identifying Crumbling Areas in Older Homes - erosion

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Through thorough inspection and prompt intervention, it's possible to preserve these venerable structures for generations to come while ensuring their continued safety and functionality.


In conclusion, recognizing early warning signs such as cracking walls, misaligned doors and windows, sagging floors, moisture intrusion, and chimney separation can save homeowners from costly repairs down the line and protect them from potential hazards associated with compromised foundations in aging structures. By taking proactive steps today-whether through regular inspections or engaging skilled experts-homeowners not only safeguard their investment but also honor the rich history encapsulated within these enduring landmarks.

In the world of real estate and homeownership, older homes hold a certain charm and allure. Their intricate architectural details and storied histories captivate the imagination. However, with age comes wear, and one of the most pressing concerns for owners of these seasoned properties is the integrity of their foundations. Identifying crumbling areas in older homes often requires a discerning eye to distinguish between types of foundation cracks: cosmetic versus structural.


At first glance, any crack in a home's foundation can be alarming. For many homeowners, the instinctive reaction is to assume the worst-fearing structural failure or costly repairs. However, not all cracks are created equal. Cosmetic cracks are superficial and largely harmless; they arise from minor shrinkage or settling over time. These hairline fractures are typically thin and uniform in width, commonly found in plaster walls or concrete surfaces as they naturally settle into their environment.


On the other hand, structural cracks pose a more significant threat to a home's stability and safety. These fissures often result from underlying issues such as soil erosion, poor construction practices, or significant shifts in the ground beneath the house. Structural cracks tend to be wider than cosmetic ones and may appear as horizontal lines along basement walls or large vertical splits that extend through both interior and exterior walls.


When facing foundation cracks in an older home, it is crucial to conduct a thorough assessment to determine their nature. Homeowners should look for telltale signs that could indicate structural problems: doors and windows that stick or misalign; uneven floors; or noticeable changes in wall alignment. If such symptoms accompany visible cracking patterns, consulting with a professional structural engineer becomes imperative.


Addressing cosmetic cracks typically involves simple repairs such as patching or repainting surfaces-a relatively straightforward process that enhances aesthetic appeal without addressing deeper issues. In contrast, structural damage demands more comprehensive solutions like underpinning or reinforcing foundations to ensure long-term stability.


Older homes require regular maintenance vigilance; understanding how to identify crumbling areas by differentiating between cosmetic versus structural foundation cracks is an essential skill for preserving their legacy while safeguarding investment value. By recognizing these distinctions early on-and acting accordingly-homeowners can keep their treasured abodes standing tall for generations yet unborn.

Recognizing the Role of Poor Drainage in Foundation Cracks

Recognizing the Role of Poor Drainage in Foundation Cracks

Regular maintenance and inspection play a vital role in safeguarding the structural integrity of any building.. Among the numerous factors that threaten this integrity, poor drainage is often overlooked yet significantly contributes to foundation cracks.

Posted by on 2024-12-31

Monitoring Drought Effects on Foundation Shifts

Monitoring Drought Effects on Foundation Shifts

In recent years, the effects of drought on infrastructure have become an increasingly pressing concern, particularly when it comes to the shifting and settling of foundations.. As climate patterns continue to evolve, prolonged periods of drought are expected to become more frequent, necessitating a deeper understanding of how these conditions affect foundational stability.

Posted by on 2024-12-31

Impact of Climate on Soil and Foundations: Discussing the influence of weather patterns and climate change on soil stability.

Inspecting foundation cracks in older homes is a crucial aspect of maintaining the structural integrity and safety of the building. Over time, homes naturally settle, and this can lead to various issues, including the formation of cracks in the foundation. Identifying these problems early on is essential to prevent more serious damage and costly repairs. In this essay, we will explore some of the most effective tools and techniques for inspecting foundation cracks, with a particular focus on identifying crumbling areas in older homes.


One of the first steps in assessing foundation cracks is conducting a thorough visual inspection. This simple yet effective method requires no advanced tools but relies on careful observation.

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Homeowners or inspectors should look for visible signs of cracking or crumbling around the perimeter of the home's foundation. These may appear as horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines along walls or floors. Special attention should be given to areas where water drainage might be an issue, as moisture can exacerbate foundation deterioration.


For a more detailed assessment, utilizing measurement tools can provide valuable data regarding the severity and progression of cracks. A crack gauge is one such tool that measures changes over time by being placed across a crack and documenting any movement. Additionally, calipers can measure crack width accurately to determine if they exceed safe thresholds indicative of potential structural problems.


Another useful technique involves employing non-destructive testing methods like ground penetrating radar (GPR) or infrared thermography. GPR uses radar pulses to create images of subsurface structures without causing any damage to the property. It helps identify voids or other anomalies beneath the surface that might contribute to foundational issues. Infrared thermography detects heat variations caused by moisture intrusion or material degradation-common challenges faced by older buildings prone to crumbling.


Moisture meters also play an important role in diagnosing issues related to water infiltration-a frequent culprit behind foundation damage in aging homes. By measuring moisture levels within walls and floors surrounding suspected areas, inspectors can detect leaks early before they cause significant harm.


In some cases where external inspections yield insufficient information about internal conditions affecting foundations' stability-such as hollow-sounding spots indicating weakened materials-core sampling might be necessary despite being invasive compared with earlier mentioned techniques; however it provides invaluable insights into what lies beneath surface layers revealing composition strength enabling informed decision-making concerning repairs needed ensuring long-term resilience against further deterioration especially when dealing specifically with historically significant properties requiring preservation efforts alongside maintenance undertakings simultaneously achieving both objectives harmoniously thereby safeguarding heritage value while enhancing functionality sustainably moving forward benefitting current occupants plus future generations alike ultimately fulfilling broader communal aspirations shared collectively amongst stakeholders invested therein wholeheartedly committed towards perpetuating cultural identity embodied throughout built environment comprehensively considered holistically encompassing all dimensions pertinent thereto thereby fostering enduring legacies cherished universally celebrated perpetually appreciated unreservedly acknowledged unequivocally embraced enduringly remembered fondly revered timelessly respected eternally honored indelibly etched profoundly inscribed enduring testaments resilient testimonies inspiring succeeding epochs continuously evolving positively transforming vibrantly thriving dynamically flourishing resplendently radiant perpetually illuminating brightly shining guiding light beacon hope prosperity peace harmony unity diversity inclusivity equity justice fairness compassion empathy love humanity solidarity fraternity mutual respect dignity grace humility wisdom understanding tolerance patience kindness generosity goodwill benevolence altruism serendipity destiny purpose meaning fulfillment satisfaction joy contentment happiness success achievement triumph victory progress growth development enrichment advancement elevation enlightenment empowerment liberation freedom autonomy agency authenticity creativity imagination innovation exploration discovery adventure curiosity wonder awe reverence gratitude appreciation celebration jubilation exultation rapture ecstasy bliss transcendence serenity tranquility calmness stillness silence quietude solitude

Impact of Climate on Soil and Foundations: Discussing the influence of weather patterns and climate change on soil stability.

Methods for Monitoring Soil Movement: Techniques and tools used to track soil shifts around foundations.

Assessing the Severity of Crumbling Areas and Necessary Repairs in older homes is crucial for maintaining both safety and property value. Older homes, with their unique charm and historical significance, often come with a set of challenges that require careful evaluation and timely intervention. As time progresses, materials age, leading to wear and deterioration that can manifest as crumbling areas-a common issue in these venerable structures.


Identifying crumbling areas begins with a thorough inspection of the home's foundation, walls, ceilings, and other structural components. This process involves looking for visible signs such as cracks in the walls or floors, flaking paint or plaster, and any noticeable shifts in the building's alignment. Homeowners should pay special attention to areas prone to moisture exposure, such as basements and bathrooms, where water damage can accelerate deterioration.




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Once identified, assessing the severity of these crumbling areas is critical. Not all issues pose an immediate threat; however, neglecting them can lead to more significant problems over time. For instance, superficial cracks might only require cosmetic repairs like patching or painting. In contrast, deeper structural issues could indicate foundational instability that demands professional intervention.


The next step is determining the necessary repairs based on the severity assessment. Minor repairs might involve sealing cracks with appropriate fillers or replacing damaged sections of drywall or plaster. However, severe cases may necessitate more extensive measures such as underpinning foundations or reinforcing structural supports to ensure stability.


In addressing these repairs, it is essential to consider both short-term fixes and long-term solutions that prevent further degradation. Employing modern materials that offer enhanced durability while respecting the home's original design can help preserve its historic character while ensuring longevity.


Ultimately, regular maintenance and proactive repair strategies are vital for older homes facing issues of crumbling infrastructure. By systematically identifying problem areas and implementing appropriate remedies promptly, homeowners can safeguard their investments while preserving the aesthetic and historical value of their properties for future generations to enjoy.

Repair Solutions for Foundation Cracks: Different strategies and technologies available for repairing cracks in foundations due to shifting soils.

In the realm of homeownership, especially with older homes, maintaining the integrity and charm of your dwelling often presents a unique set of challenges. One common issue that arises is identifying and addressing crumbling areas within the structure. Whether it's peeling paint, cracked walls, or deteriorating masonry, these signs of wear often prompt homeowners to weigh their options between do-it-yourself (DIY) repairs and seeking professional help. Understanding when to tackle a project on your own and when to call in an expert can save time, money, and ensure the safety and longevity of your home.


The allure of DIY projects is undeniable. For many homeowners, rolling up their sleeves and getting hands-on with repairs offers a sense of accomplishment and cost savings. Some issues in older homes may indeed be suitable for a DIY approach. For instance, minor surface cracks in drywall or paint flaking can often be addressed with some basic tools and materials from a local hardware store. Online tutorials provide step-by-step guidance that makes these small projects feasible for those willing to invest their time and energy.


However, while DIY solutions are appealing for their simplicity and cost-effectiveness, they come with limitations. One must recognize that not all crumbling areas are merely superficial; underlying structural issues could compromise the safety and stability of an older home if not properly assessed and repaired. This is where professional expertise becomes invaluable.


Consider major structural elements such as foundation cracks or extensive water damage leading to mold proliferation-these issues demand professional assessment due to their complexity. Experts possess the knowledge to accurately diagnose problems that might not be immediately visible to an untrained eye. They also have access to specialized equipment required for thorough inspections and effective repairs.


Moreover, professionals bring experience honed over years working with similar structures. They can implement solutions that not only address immediate concerns but also prevent future deterioration-something that might elude even the most diligent DIY enthusiast.


Safety is another critical factor when deciding between DIY repairs and hiring professionals. Older homes may contain hazardous materials like asbestos or lead-based paints which require careful handling during renovations. Professionals are trained in safe removal procedures ensuring minimal risk to occupants' health.


Ultimately, deciding whether to pursue DIY repairs or engage professional services involves evaluating one's skill level against the complexity of the task at hand while considering potential risks involved in misjudging repair needs.


In conclusion, maintaining an older home requires a balanced approach between personal involvement through manageable DIY efforts alongside recognizing situations necessitating expert intervention for more complex issues indicative of deeper structural problems-a choice best made with informed consideration prioritizing both preservation objectives along with occupant safety assurances inherent within experienced professionals' purview when tackling significant restoration challenges posed by aging residential edifices today!

Preventative Measures: Tips for homeowners to minimize the risk of foundation damage from seasonal soil changes.

Identifying and addressing the signs of foundation issues in older homes is crucial to maintaining structural integrity and ensuring a safe living environment. As houses age, they naturally undergo various forms of wear and tear, which can manifest subtly at first but may lead to significant problems if left unchecked. By understanding preventative measures, homeowners can effectively safeguard their property from future foundation issues.


One of the primary steps in identifying potential foundation problems is conducting a thorough inspection of the home's exterior and interior. Outside, look for visible cracks in the foundation itself, especially around corners or along brick lines. Pay attention to any uneven settling or bulging walls that might indicate deeper issues beneath the surface. Inside the home, signs such as sticking doors or windows, sloping floors, or cracks in drywall can be early indicators of foundation movement.


Once these areas have been identified, implementing preventative measures becomes vital.

Identifying Crumbling Areas in Older Homes - erosion

    Ensuring proper drainage around the home is one of the most effective ways to prevent water-related foundation issues. Poor drainage can lead to soil erosion or excess moisture accumulation around the foundation, both of which can cause shifts over time. Installing gutters with downspouts that direct water away from the house and grading the landscape to slope away from the building are simple yet effective strategies.


    Another important aspect is maintaining consistent moisture levels around your home's foundation. Extreme fluctuations between dry and wet conditions can lead to soil expansion and contraction, which subsequently affects foundational stability. In regions prone to droughts or heavy rainfall, using soaker hoses during dry periods or installing French drains during wet seasons can help maintain a balanced moisture level.


    Furthermore, regular maintenance checks play a crucial role in preventing future issues. Scheduling professional inspections every few years allows experts to identify early warning signs that may not be immediately apparent to homeowners. These inspections often include assessing both structural components and underlying soil conditions.


    In conclusion, proactive identification of crumbling areas combined with diligent application of preventative measures is key for owners of older homes wishing to avoid costly future repairs related to foundational instability. By prioritizing proper drainage systems, maintaining consistent soil moisture levels, and committing to periodic professional evaluations, homeowners not only protect their investment but also ensure their safety within their cherished living space for years to come.

    Foundation(s) or The Foundation(s) may refer to:

    Common uses

    [edit]
    • Foundation (cosmetics), a skin-coloured makeup cream applied to the face
    • Foundation (engineering), the element of a structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure to the ground
    • Foundation (evidence), a legal term
    • Foundation (nonprofit), a type of charitable organization
      • Foundation (United States law), a type of charitable organization in the U.S.
      • Private foundation, a charitable organization that might not qualify as a public charity by government standards

    Arts, entertainment, and media

    [edit]

    Film and TV

    [edit]
    • The Foundation, a film about 1960s-1970s Aboriginal history in Sydney, featuring Gary Foley
    • The Foundation (1984 TV series), a Hong Kong series
    • The Foundation (Canadian TV series), a 2009–2010 Canadian sitcom
    • "The Foundation" (Seinfeld), an episode
    • Foundation (TV series), an Apple TV+ series adapted from Isaac Asimov's novels

    Games

    [edit]
    • Foundation (video game), an upcoming city-building game
    • Foundation, an Amiga video game
    • The Foundation, a character in 2017 game Fortnite Battle Royale

    Literature

    [edit]
    • Foundation (book series), a series of science fiction books by Isaac Asimov
      • Foundation (Asimov novel), the first book in Asimov's series, published in 1951
    • Foundation (b-boy book), by Joseph G. Schloss
    • Foundation (Lackey novel), a 2008 fantasy novel by Mercedes Lackey

    Music

    [edit]
    • The Foundations, a British soul group
    • Foundations (EP), by Serj Tankian

    Albums

    [edit]
    • Foundation (Brand Nubian album)
    • Foundation (Breakage album)
    • Foundation (Doc Watson album)
    • Foundation (Magnum album)
    • Foundation (M.O.P. album)
    • Foundation, a 1997 compilation album by Die Krupps
    • The Foundation (Geto Boys album)
    • The Foundation (Pep Love album), 2005
    • The Foundation (Zac Brown Band album)
    • The Foundations (album), by 4 Corners

    Songs

    [edit]
    • "Foundation", a 1983 song by Spandau Ballet from the album True
    • "Foundation", a 1998 song by Brand Nubian from the eponymous album Foundation
    • "Foundation", a 2009 song by M.O.P. from the eponymous album Foundation
    • "Foundation", a 2010 song by Breakage from the eponymous album Foundation
    • "Foundation", a 2015 song by Years & Years from Communion
    • "Foundations" (song), by Kate Nash
    • "The Foundation" (song), by Xzibit

    Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

    [edit]
    • Foundation – The International Review of Science Fiction, a literary journal
    • The Foundation Trilogy (BBC Radio), a radio adaption of Asimov's series
    • The SCP Foundation, a fictional organization that is often referred to in-universe as "The Foundation"

    Education

    [edit]
    • Foundation degree, a British academic qualification
    • Foundation school, a type of school in England and Wales
    • Foundation Stage, a stage of education for children aged 3 to 5 in England
    • University Foundation Programme, a British university entrance course

    Science and technology

    [edit]
    • Foundation (framework), a free collection of tools for creating websites and web applications by ZURB
    • Foundation Fieldbus, a communications system
    • Foundation Kit, an Apple API

    Companies

    [edit]
    • Foundation Medicine, a genomic profiling company

    See also

    [edit]
    • All pages with titles beginning with Foundation
    • All pages with titles beginning with The Foundation
    • Foundations of mathematics, theory of mathematics
    Waterproofing conducted on the exterior of a freeway tunnel

    Waterproofing is the process of making an object, person or structure waterproof or water-resistant so that it remains relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or underwater to specified depths.

    Water-resistant and waterproof often refer to resistance to penetration of water in its liquid state and possibly under pressure, whereas damp proof refers to resistance to humidity or dampness. Permeation of water vapour through a material or structure is reported as a moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR).

    The hulls of boats and ships were once waterproofed by applying tar or pitch. Modern items may be waterproofed by applying water-repellent coatings or by sealing seams with gaskets or o-rings.

    Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (such as basements, decks, or wet areas), watercraft, canvas, clothing (raincoats or waders), electronic devices and paper packaging (such as cartons for liquids).

    In construction

    [edit]

    In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings to protect contents and structural integrity. The waterproofing of the building envelope in construction specifications is listed under 07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection within MasterFormat 2004, by the Construction Specifications Institute, and includes roofing and waterproofing materials.[citation needed]

    In building construction, waterproofing is a fundamental aspect of creating a building envelope, which is a controlled environment. The roof covering materials, siding, foundations, and all of the various penetrations through these surfaces must be water-resistant and sometimes waterproof. Roofing materials are generally designed to be water-resistant and shed water from a sloping roof, but in some conditions, such as ice damming and on flat roofs, the roofing must be waterproof. Many types of waterproof membrane systems are available, including felt paper or tar paper with asphalt or tar to make a built-up roof, other bituminous waterproofing, ethylene propylene diene monomer EPDM rubber, hypalon, polyvinyl chloride, liquid roofing, and more.

    Walls are not subjected to standing water, and the water-resistant membranes used as housewraps are designed to be porous enough to let moisture escape. Walls also have vapor barriers or air barriers. Damp proofing is another aspect of waterproofing. Masonry walls are built with a damp-proof course to prevent rising damp, and the concrete in foundations needs to be damp-proofed or waterproofed with a liquid coating, basement waterproofing membrane (even under the concrete slab floor where polyethylene sheeting is commonly used), or an additive to the concrete.

    Within the waterproofing industry, below-ground waterproofing is generally divided into two areas:

    • Tanking: This is waterproofing used where the below-ground structure will be sitting in the water table continuously or periodically. This causes hydrostatic pressure on both the membrane and structure and requires full encapsulation of the basement structure in a tanking membrane, under slab and walls.
    • Damp proofing: This is waterproofing used where the water table is lower than the structure and there is good free-draining fill. The membrane deals with the shedding of water and the ingress of water vapor only, with no hydrostatic pressure. Generally, this incorporates a damp proof membrane (DPM) to the walls with a polythene DPM under the slab. With higher grade DPM, some protection from short-term Hydrostatic pressure can be gained by transitioning the higher quality wall DPM to the slab polythene under the footing, rather than at the footing face.
    Waterproofing with two component system

    In buildings using earth sheltering, too much humidity can be a potential problem, so waterproofing is critical. Water seepage can lead to mold growth, causing significant damage and air quality issues. Properly waterproofing foundation walls is required to prevent deterioration and seepage.

    Another specialized area of waterproofing is rooftop decks and balconies. Waterproofing systems have become quite sophisticated and are a very specialized area. Failed waterproof decks, whether made of polymer or tile, are one of the leading causes of water damage to building structures and personal injury when they fail. Where major problems occur in the construction industry is when improper products are used for the wrong application. While the term waterproof is used for many products, each of them has a very specific area of application, and when manufacturer specifications and installation procedures are not followed, the consequences can be severe. Another factor is the impact of expansion and contraction on waterproofing systems for decks. Decks constantly move with changes in temperatures, putting stress on the waterproofing systems. One of the leading causes of waterproof deck system failures is the movement of underlying substrates (plywood) that cause too much stress on the membranes resulting in a failure of the system. While beyond the scope of this reference document, waterproofing of decks and balconies is a complex of many complimentary elements. These include the waterproofing membrane used, adequate slope-drainage, proper flashing details, and proper construction materials.

    The penetrations through a building envelope must be built in a way such that water does not enter the building, such as using flashing and special fittings for pipes, vents, wires, etc. Some caulkings are durable, but many are unreliable for waterproofing.

    Also, many types of geomembranes are available to control water, gases, or pollution.

    From the late 1990s to the 2010s, the construction industry has had technological advances in waterproofing materials, including integral waterproofing systems and more advanced membrane materials. Integral systems such as hycrete work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the concrete itself a waterproof quality. There are two main types of integral waterproofing systems: the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic systems. A hydrophilic system typically uses a crystallization technology that replaces the water in the concrete with insoluble crystals. Various brands available in the market claim similar properties, but not all can react with a wide range of cement hydration by-products and thus require caution. Hydrophobic systems use concrete sealers or even fatty acids to block pores within the concrete, preventing water passage.

    Sometimes the same materials used to keep water out of buildings are used to keep water in, such as a pool or pond liners.

    New membrane materials seek to overcome shortcomings in older methods like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Generally, new technology in waterproof membranes relies on polymer-based materials that are very adhesive to create a seamless barrier around the outside of a structure.

    Waterproofing should not be confused with roofing, since roofing cannot necessarily withstand hydrostatic head while waterproofing can.

    The standards for waterproofing bathrooms in domestic construction have improved over the years, due in large part to the general tightening of building codes.

    In clothing

    [edit]
    A wax coating makes this Manila hemp waterproof

    Some garments, and tents, are designed to give greater or lesser protection against rain. For urban use raincoats and jackets are used; for outdoor activities in rough weather there is a range of hiking apparel. Typical descriptions are "showerproof", "water resistant", and "waterproof".[1] These terms are not precisely defined. A showerproof garment will usually be treated with a water-resisting coating, but is not rated to resist a specific hydrostatic head. This is suitable for protection against light rain, but after a short time water will penetrate. A water-resistant garment is similar, perhaps slightly more resistant to water but also not rated to resist a specific hydrostatic head. A garment described as waterproof will have a water-repellent coating, with the seams also taped to prevent water ingress there. Better waterproof garments have a membrane lining designed to keep water out but allow trapped moisture to escape ("breathability")—a totally waterproof garment would retain body sweat and become clammy. Waterproof garments specify their hydrostatic rating, ranging from 1,500 for light rain, to 20,000 for heavy rain.

    Waterproof garments are intended for use in weather conditions which are often windy as well as wet and are usually also wind resistant.

    Footwear can also be made waterproof by using a variety of methods including but not limited to, the application of beeswax, waterproofing spray, or mink oil.[2]

    In other objects

    [edit]

    Waterproofing methods have been implemented in many types of objects, including paper packaging, cosmetics, and more recently, consumer electronics. Electronic devices used in military and severe commercial environments are routinely conformally coated in accordance with IPC-CC-830 to resist moisture and corrosion but encapsulation is needed to become truly waterproof. Even though it is possible to find waterproof wrapping or other types of protective cases for electronic devices, a new technology enabled the release of diverse waterproof smartphones and tablets in 2013.[3] This method is based on a special nanotechnology coating a thousand times thinner than a human hair which protects electronic equipment from damage due to the penetration of water. Several manufacturers use the nano coating method on their smartphones, tablets, and digital cameras.

    A water droplet on a superhydrophobic surface

    A 2013 study found that nanotextured surfaces using cone forms produce highly water-repellent surfaces. These nanocone textures are superhydrophobic (extremely water-hating).[4][5]

    Applications

    [edit]

    Waterproof packaging or other types of protective cases for electronic devices can be found. A new technology enabled the release of various waterproof smartphones and tablets in 2013.[6] A study from 2013 found that nano-textured surfaces using cone shapes produce highly water-repellent surfaces. These "nanocone" textures are superhydrophobic.[7][8]

    Standards

    [edit]
    • ASTM C1127 – Standard Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with an Integral Wearing Surface
    • ASTM D779 – Standard Test Method for Determining the Water Vapor Resistance of Sheet Materials in Contact with Liquid Water by the Dry Indicator Method
    • ASTM D2099 – Standard Test Method for Dynamic Water Resistance of Shoe Upper Leather by the Maeser Water Penetration Tester
    • ASTM D3393 – Standard Specification for Coated Fabrics Waterproofness
    • D6135 – Standard Practice for Application of Self-Adhering Modified Bituminous Waterproofing
    • ASTM D7281 – Standard Test Method for Determining Water Migration Resistance Through Roof Membranes
    • British Standards Institution BS.8102:2009 – "Protection of Below Ground Structures against Water from the Ground".
    • IEC 60529 – Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
    • ISO 2281 – Horology — Water-resistant watches

    See also

    [edit]
    • Saint-Gobain
    • Bituminous waterproofing
    • Building insulation
    • Durable water repellent (DWR) coatings
    • IP Code (used on mobile phones)
    • Sika AG
    • Soundproofing
    • Truscon Laboratories
    • Water Resistant mark
    • Waterproof fabric
    • Waterproof paper

    References

    [edit]
    1. ^ Lucy Shakespeare, 09-09-2016 (9 October 2016). "The Difference Between Waterproof & Water Resistant – Inside the Outdoors". Mountain Warehouse. Retrieved 23 May 2017.cite web: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
    2. ^ "How to Waterproof Shoes". wikiHow. Retrieved 2020-04-14.
    3. ^ "Waterproof phones and tablets make a splash". CNN. March 5, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
    4. ^ U.S. Department of Energy/Brookhaven National Laboratory (October 21, 2013). "Nano-cone textures generate extremely 'robust' water-repellent surfaces". ScienceDaily. Retrieved October 22, 2013.
    5. ^ Checco, Antonio; Atikur Rahman; Charles T. Black (October 21, 2013). "Robust Superhydrophobicity in Large-Area Nanostructured Surfaces Defined by Block-Copolymer Self Assembly". Advanced Materials. 26 (6): 886–891. doi:10.1002/adma.201304006. PMID 24142578. S2CID 27585827.
    6. ^ "Waterproof phones and tablets make a splash". CNN. 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
    7. ^ U.S. Department of Energy/Brookhaven National Laboratory. "Nano-cone textures generate extremely 'robust' water-repellent surfaces". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
    8. ^ Checco, Antonio; Atikur Rahman; Charles T. Black (2014). "Robust Superhydrophobicity in Large-Area Nanostructured Surfaces Defined by Block-Copolymer Self Assembly". Advanced Materials. 26 (6): 886–891. Bibcode:2014AdM....26..886C. doi:10.1002/adma.201304006. PMID 24142578. S2CID 27585827.
    [edit]

    Media related to Waterproofing at Wikimedia Commons

     

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    Sarah McNeily

    (5)

    USS was excellent. They are honest, straightforward, trustworthy, and conscientious. They thoughtfully removed the flowers and flower bulbs to dig where they needed in the yard, replanted said flowers and spread the extra dirt to fill in an area of the yard. We've had other services from different companies and our yard was really a mess after. They kept the job site meticulously clean. The crew was on time and friendly. I'd recommend them any day! Thanks to Jessie and crew.

    United Structural Systems of Illinois, Inc

    Chris Abplanalp

    (5)

    USS did an amazing job on my underpinning on my house, they were also very courteous to the proximity of my property line next to my neighbor. They kept things in order with all the dirt/mud they had to excavate. They were done exactly in the timeframe they indicated, and the contract was very details oriented with drawings of what would be done. Only thing that would have been nice, is they left my concrete a little muddy with boot prints but again, all-in-all a great job

    United Structural Systems of Illinois, Inc

    Paul Gunderlock

    (4)

    The staff was helpful, very nice and easy to work with and completed the work timely and cleaned up well. Communications faltered a bit at times and there was an email communications glitch which was no fault of anyone, but no big deal and all ended up fine. We sure feel better to have this done and hope that is the end of our structural issues. It does seem like (after talking to several related companies), that it would be great if some of these related companies had a structural engineer on staff vs using on the job expertise gained over years - which is definitely valuable! But leaves a bit of uncertainty - and probably saves money for both sides may be the trade-off? So far, so good though! Thank you.

    United Structural Systems of Illinois, Inc

    Jim de Leon

    (5)

    It was a pleasure to work with Rick and his crew. From the beginning, Rick listened to my concerns and what I wished to accomplish. Out of the 6 contractors that quoted the project, Rick seemed the MOST willing to accommodate my wishes. His pricing was definitely more than fair as well. I had 10 push piers installed to stabilize and lift an addition of my house. The project commenced at the date that Rick had disclosed initially and it was completed within the same time period expected (based on Rick's original assessment). The crew was well informed, courteous, and hard working. They were not loud (even while equipment was being utilized) and were well spoken. My neighbors were very impressed on how polite they were when they entered / exited my property (saying hello or good morning each day when they crossed paths). You can tell they care about the customer concerns. They ensured that the property would be put back as clean as possible by placing MANY sheets of plywood down prior to excavating. They compacted the dirt back in the holes extremely well to avoid large stock piles of soils. All the while, the main office was calling me to discuss updates and expectations of completion. They provided waivers of lien, certificates of insurance, properly acquired permits, and JULIE locates. From a construction background, I can tell you that I did not see any flaws in the way they operated and this an extremely professional company. The pictures attached show the push piers added to the foundation (pictures 1, 2 & 3), the amount of excavation (picture 4), and the restoration after dirt was placed back in the pits and compacted (pictures 5, 6 & 7). Please notice that they also sealed two large cracks and steel plated these cracks from expanding further (which you can see under my sliding glass door). I, as well as my wife, are extremely happy that we chose United Structural Systems for our contractor. I would happily tell any of my friends and family to use this contractor should the opportunity arise!

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    Frequently Asked Questions

    Look for wide or growing cracks, uneven floors, doors/windows that stick, or water intrusion. These signs indicate structural issues needing professional assessment.
    Common causes include soil movement due to moisture changes, tree root growth near the foundation, poor drainage, and natural settling over time.
    Yes, small hairline cracks may be sealed with epoxy or polyurethane injections as a short-term fix. However, its advisable to consult a professional for a thorough inspection and long-term solutions.